Somalia: history in excerpts

 

1.-2.Jh. 1.-2.Jh. v. Chr. BC

Trade relations with the Pharaohs of Egypt point to the existence of the Land of Punt now Somalia.

Subsequent instructions tell of trade relations between the Roman Empire and Somalia (merchandise: including frankincense, myrrh).

 

8.Jh. 8th century

Arab refugees settle on the coast and establish Muslim city-states (Zeila, Adal, Ifat, Hadja).  

Old trading traditions take on new dimensions and blossom.

 

13. 13. Jh. Century

Ifat-establishment of the kingdom of Somali and Yemeni, as with Zeila center.

 

16. 16. Jh. Century

Das Sultanat Adal im nördlichen Somalia erobert große Teile Äthiopiens und gewinnt zunächst an Einfluß und Macht. The Sultanate of Adal in northern Somalia conquered large parts of Ethiopia and won first in influence and power.

Portugiesen an der Ost – und Türken an der Nordküste zerstören das Land und das Sultanat Adal bricht auseinander. Portuguese community in the east - and Turks on the north coast destroy the country and the Sultanate of Adal apart.

 

17. 17. – 19.Jh. - 19th century

Herrschaft des Sultan von Oman. Rule of the Sultan of Oman.

 

1730 1730

The Sultan of Oman against the Portuguese and captured the island of Zanzibar back.

 

1875 - 1884 1875 - 1884

Nordsomalias parts are under Egyptian rule.

 

1883 - 1888 1883 - 1888

Establishment of the colonial territory of French Somaliland and British Somaliland on the Gulf of Aden.

 

1889 - 1908 1889 - 1908

Italienisch-Somaliland. Italy takes possession of the southern coast of Somalia, Italian Somaliland.

 

1920 1920

Das britische Heer besiegt die antikoloniale, islamische Widerstandsbewegung, die seit 1889 unter der Führung des selbsternannten "Mahdi" Mohammed bin Abdullah Hassan kämpft. The British army, the anti-colonial, Islamic Resistance Movement, which have since 1889 under the leadership of the self-declared "Mahdi Mohammed Abdullah Hassan defeated struggling.

 

1941 - 1942 1941 - 1942

Die Herrschaft Italiens in Äthiopien und Somalia wird durch den Weltkriegsgegner Großbritannien beendet. The domination of Italy in Ethiopia and Somalia is ended by the world anti-war Britain.

 

1950 1950

Italy gets back to the former Italian Somaliland as a UN trust territory.

 

1960, 01. 1960, 01 Juli July

Independence through merger of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, the Republic of Somalia with territorial claims on the annexation of Ethiopia Somali region of Ogaden in Somali regions in Kenya, as well as French Somaliland (1977 independent as Djibouti).

 

1963 - 1967 1963 - 1967

Involved in the "Shifta war" in Kenya's Somali territories.

 

1969, 21.Okt. 1969, 21.Oct.

General Siad Barre assumes power.

 

1974, 14.Febr. 1974 14.Febr.

Member of the Arab League.

 

1974, 11. 1974, 11 Juli July

Friendship treaty with Russia.

 

1976, 01. 1976, 01 Juli July

Establishment of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP).

 

1977, Juli 1977, July

Angriff auf Äthiopien um die Ogaden-Region zu erobern. conquer attack on Ethiopia over the Ogaden region. Niederlage im März 1978. Defeat in March 1978.

 

1977, Nov. 1977, Nov.

Termination of cooperation with Russia. Hinwendung zum Westen. Turning to the west.

 

1981 1981

Berbera first U.S. base

. .

1981 1981

First political and military organization.

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (abbreviated SSDF). Dignity of Majeerteen (Daarood) founded clan.

 

1988 1988

Somali National Movement (abbreviated SNM) began the war against the Barre Diktatur.Von Isaac clan founded.

 

1989 1989

United Somali Congress (abbreviated USC) was founded by representatives of the Somali clans of the Hawiye in Rome

 

1990 1990

In December, there was heavy fighting in Mogadishu between the army and an alliance of several armed opposition groups.

 

1991, 27.01. 1991, 27.01.

Siad Barre's headquarters was stormed, Ali Mahdi Mohamed is declared by a council of elders to the interim president. No end to the civil war.

 

1991 1991

"Somaliland" declared itself independent.

 

April 1992 April 1992

The United Nations organize a first humanitarian operation in Somalia's capital Mogadishu.

 

Dezember 1992 December 1992

Security Council adopted Resolution 751, the mandate for UNOSOM operation in Somalia. After ending fighting in Somalia and the humanitarian situation continued to deteriorate (called a famine 1991/1992 300,000 deaths) is the end of 1992 the deployment of a multinational force.

The U.S., backed by the army put the humanitarian relief efforts of the UN with the operation "Restore Hope" on.

 

1993 1993

The U.S. Army is involved in the street fighting in Mogadishu, Operation Restore Hope "ends in a fiasco.  UN troops are taking over from American GIs and remain in position until 1995. Then civil war breaks out of the, warlords are fighting for their zones of influence. (Black Hawk Down)

 

1995 1995

After the peace process has initially made good progress, UNOSOM II military in the conflicts of rival clans are included.

After the failure of another attempt at mediation by the United Nations UNOSOM II in March 1995 finally pull out from Somalia.

 

1999 1999

After several failed efforts, a reconciliation of initiatives launched by President of Djibouti joins the Arta Conference, which will be completed in August 2000 with the election of a transitional president and a transitional assembly (245 members by proportional clan).

 

2001 2001

Upon completion of the Arta conference, the opposition formed the SRRC (Somali Restoration and Reconciliation Council) and fights based transitional government in Mogadishu.

There are armed clashes between clans.

 

2002, Okt. 2002, October

The formed interim government (Transitional National Government, TNG), however, can not become sustainable.

 

2004 2004

Kenya shows a transitional parliament, which elects Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as Transitional President. This Ali Mohamed Gedi appointed as interim prime minister.

 

2005 2005

Transitional institutions are divided and can not settle for security in Mogadishu.The majority of the members of parliament and the transitional government move in the summer of 2005 after Jowhar, Somalia um.Nur in the short time dennach extend to the Government of Somalia.

 

Februar 2006 February 2006

The Somali government returned to Somalia and declared the city of Baidoa to the provisional seat of government.

 

Juni 2006 June 2006

The Union of Islamic Courts Mogadishu and large part Südsomalien bring under their control and ensure security and order.

 

2006 2006

Since February 2006, heavy fighting between the US-backed warlord alliance for the restoration of peace and against terrorism ", in which some of the most influential warlords / ministers are involved, and the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), which, in June 2006 warlords from Mogadishu and bring distribute later in most of South and Zentralsomalias under their control. On several allegations, UIC would abet international terrorism.

Distributes the TFG in late 2006 with the help of Ethiopian troops, the UIC in Central and Southern Somalia, and can settle in Mogadishu, but has great difficulty to prevail and Unsuccessful.